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Does the System of Sending Samples to Clinical Laboratories Work?
Clinical laboratory testing has always played an integral role in the
diagnosis and monitoring of many diseases. Clinical laboratories offer a wide
range of laboratory tests that may be chemical, biological, bacteriological,
immunological, or hematological. As such, these laboratories require a suite of
highly trained professionals in several disciplines with keen analytical and
interpretation skills. The range of professionals allows for collaboration and
better interpretation of results and results that are not clear cut can benefit
from the input of several specialists.
Advantages of Lab Testing
Some tests require the use of
highly specialized equipment as well as personnel to get meaningful results.
Equipment must be standardized and maintained to give accurate and reliable
results when used for laboratory tests and as such, clinical laboratories are
staffed with maintenance personnel who can properly service this equipment.
Clinical laboratories must also
adhere to strict quality control protocol for lab testing, time-sensitive handling of specimens, their storage,
and disposal. Handling hazardous specimens or materials is necessary for some
testing scenarios and clinical laboratories are well equipped with facilities
for handling such. Isolation areas and laminar flow hoods within laboratories
are examples of areas that allow the containment of harmful organisms or
material.
Presently there are only a few
tests that can be done outside of the clinical laboratory testing facility to assist doctors in disease diagnosis
so sending samples to labs for testing is necessary. Accuracy and reliability
of results and reports help to ensure good patient outcomes. In several
diseased states such as Cancer and Kidney Disease, with special emphasis on
patients on chemotherapy and dialysis, patients must be monitored by sending
samples for laboratory testing at
regular intervals. Here, many parameters are monitored so timely adjustments or
interventions can be made to enhance patient outcomes.
To be meaningful, tests must be
standardized internally and externally and clinical laboratories usually have a
quality management system that governs their day-to-day operations and is
regulated by the Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute. Compliance with
these regulatory bodies ensures accurate and reliable results.
Disadvantages of Lab Testing
Very few disadvantages come to mind
when thinking about the system of sending samples to clinical laboratories.
Possible mishandling of samples by personnel may provide opportunities for
erroneous results. Also, in some cases where an immediate answer is needed,
there is a delay period that could result in a bad patient outcome. If testing
could be done on-site this could result in a faster turnaround time for
diagnosis and eliminate this problem.
Sending a sample to the laboratory | Royal Brompton & Harefield
hospitals. (2021). Rbht.nhs.uk. https://www.rbht.nhs.uk/our-services/clinical_support/laboratories/clinical-genetics-and-genomics-laboratory/sending-sample-laboratory
Online Visits to the Doctor
The
COVID-19 pandemic has created a paradigm shift in patient management and care.
The need for social distancing and the fear associated with the increased risk
of exposure to the virus has increased the popularity of telemedicine.
Advantages of Online Doctor Visits
The
biggest advantage of online
consultations is undoubtedly their convenience. Seeing the doctor in the
convenience of your own home, on your laptop or mobile device saves money and
time that would have been spent physically going there. It eliminates the
stress of traffic jams and can easily fit into your schedule. Not having to go
to a doctor’s office is particularly helpful for elderly patients who may find
movement difficult or for those who have children that need to be supervised,
where taking them would be stressful or impractical.
Online consultations also allow for on-demand healthcare options, with
some offices offering online video
consultations 24-7. The availability of a doctor that can treat you quickly
as the need arises is especially beneficial in cases where emergency medical
attention is needed.
Some
online consultations may involve a
group of doctors from many different specialties, and this is good because it
increases access to multiple opinions and allows for collaboration with
diagnosis and treatment. When compared with having to physically visit multiple
offices, the time, energy, and money that is saved cannot be overlooked. Online consultations even allow
patients access to doctors based overseas without having to spend the time and
money on travel expenses.
Importantly,
with the COVID-19 pandemic, by staying home and having an online video consultation you reduce your exposure risk because you
won’t have to sit in a waiting room, with other individuals, while waiting to
be attended to.
Disadvantages of Online Doctor Visits
However,
the system is not without its disadvantages. There are some illnesses where
physical examination is essential for an accurate diagnosis to be made and so
it could be dangerous for the patient if this is not done. In cases where
immediate action or assistance is needed to improve patient outcomes, such as
allergic reactions, video consultation
can be disadvantageous and result in time being lost.
Also,
even though its popularity has significantly increased, a disadvantage of telemedicine is its availability and
cost. You may have access to telemedicine,
while for the provider, the cost to set up and maintain the service may be too
high. As such, many smaller healthcare facilities will not have this service
available.
Major
concerns also exist regarding the security of personal health data that is
being transmitted electronically. Medical data is extremely sensitive
information and the possibility of hacking any online system exists. Therefore,
some patients may not feel comfortable using this forum.
References
1. Wu, B Dr. (2016, December 19). What Are the
Benefits and Advantages of Telemedicine? Healthline.
https://www.healthline.com/health/telemedicine-benefits-and-advantages
2. CHIRON. (n.d.). Definitive Guide to Telemedicine.
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3 Ways Riding a Bike Helps your Heart
Cycling
is such a fun pastime. Some people use it as a way of commuting and others just
for fun, especially kids. But, what if we told you that riding a bike can
provide you with significant health benefits? Some of these benefits include
strengthening your muscles, reducing stress levels, combating depression,
improving joint mobility, and promoting optimal cardiovascular health. So, in
today’s post, we will look at just how riding a bike daily can improve your
heart health.
What is Cycling & Why does it Affect the Heart?
According
to Oxford Languages, cycling is the sport or activity of riding a bicycle.
When
you ride a bicycle, essentially your entire body is involved. But cycling for
20 to 30 minutes per day can really boost your cardiovascular system health.
Let’s look a bit deeper!
1.
Cycling Strengthens your Heart Muscles
Yep, just like riding a bike would strengthen the muscles in
your calves and legs, it does improve the vitality of your heart and blood
vessel muscles. Researchers conducted a study at Purdue University, Indiana,
United States. This study led the researchers to conclude that regular cycling
can cut your risk of heart disease, such as heart failure (which is weakened
heart muscle) by 50%.
Cycling gets the heart to work a little bit harder and
that’s an exercise for the heart muscles. It’s just like when you crunches to
build abs muscles, the exercise builds the heart muscles, making them stronger.
2.
Cycling Lowers your Risk of Stroke
In addition to other heart-healthy habits, like lowering
your sodium and cholesterol intake, going for a high-intensity bike ride a few
times per week will definitely help the heart to combat factors that can cause
blood clot development. In one study, older women who were a bit inactive began
to engage in bicycle riding for around 35 minutes, three times per week. Their
ability to combat stroke-inducing blood clots increased because of adopting
this practice.
3.
Cycling Improves Circulation
Optimal blood circulation is necessary for our very survival
because, during circulation, blood takes oxygen and nutrients to our cells
while removing waste. Some factors can cause reduced or poor circulation but
riding a bicycle for a few minutes a day can improve that issue.
When you ride, it stimulates the heart to pump more blood
throughout the body, and because it strengthens the heart muscles, resulting in
improved circulation. Even after exercising, your heart is more likely to be
pumping more efficiently than before.
There
are several other ways that cycling can impact and enhance your heart health,
so once your doctor gives the OK, grab a bike and start riding!
References
Cycling
- health benefits - Better Health Channel. (2013). Vic.gov.au. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/cycling-health-benefits
Chandler,
M. (2021, June 17). Does Cycling Improve Blood Circulation? [ANALYSIS].
Discerning Cyclist.
https://discerningcyclist.com/does-cycling-improve-blood-circulation-analysis/
How
to Lower Stroke and Stroke-Provoking Blood Clots. (2019). Sharecare.
https://www.sharecare.com/health/stroke/article/slash-stroke-risk-with-aerobic-exercise
Oxford
Languages and Google - English | Oxford Languages. (2020). Oup.com.
https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/
3 Exercises to Help you Recover from COVID-19
If you’re diagnosed with COVID-19, it’s essential that you do all you can to ensure a speedy recovery. Along with the pharmacological treatment options, such as supplemental oxygen, there are some natural ways you can try to expedite your recovery. So, in this post, we will explore 3 types of COVID-19 recovery exercises that you can do daily to improve your breathing, mobility, and psychological state.
1. Breathing Exercises for Lung Recovery
The COVID-19 virus attacks the respiratory system primarily, including the lungs, and you can even develop pneumonia as it damages structures within the lungs. Thankfully, there are several deep breathing COVID-19 recovery exercises that you can do to improve your condition.
§ Deep breathing on your belly- while lying on your chest, seal your lips, then rest your tongue against the roof of your mouth. Take a deep breath in through your nose, then release it slowly through your nose. Do this exercise continuously for a minute.
§ Deep breathing while sitting- on the edge of a chair, sit upright and rest your hands on the sides of your abdomen. Seal your lips, then rest your tongue against the roof of your mouth. Take a deep breath in through your nose, then release it slowly through your nose, spread your fingers on each inspiration. Do this exercise continuously for a minute.
2. Mobility Exercises for Legs & Arms
Physical exercise is vital for recovery, especially for people who were admitted, particularly in the ICU ward. You will need to do physical activities to improve your muscle strength, fitness, and energy. Speak to your healthcare provider to find out which of the following exercises you are permitted to do based on your condition.
§ Warm-up exercises- shoulder shrugs, side bends, knee lifts, and ankle circles.
§ Fitness & strengthening exercises- the CDC recommends engaging in 20-30 minutes of COVID-19 recovery exercises 5 days each week. Here are a few you can do :
§ Marching on the spot
§ Step-ups
§ Walking
§ Jogging or cycling
§ Wall push-off
§ Arm raises to the side
3. Mental Health Strengthening Exercises
COVID-19 has no doubt had a significant impact on the mental health of everyone, especially if you were infected. It induces stress, anxiety, depression, and even loneliness. Mindful techniques, such as meditation and yoga daily for 10 to 15 minutes, make a massive difference. Smooth exercises and meditation relax the body and mind. The CDC also encourages us to stay socially connected, practice relaxing exercises, and indulge in hobbies.
COVID-19 and its variants can do great damage the longer it lingers within your body. So, we urge you to seriously consider adopting these supplemental COVID-19 recovery exercises to help boost your respiratory, musculoskeletal, and mental health recovery.
In mental health, the importance of socializing, having good friends and family, where you can receive unconditional love, has been studied. Love and friendship are therapies for physical recovery from many diseases, including cancer.
Being part of communities like churches, or clubs, makes a big difference in lengthening people's lives, under any circumstance.
Having faith and prayerful support are other aids that have also been investigated, and it has been shown that a person who possesses these elements brings greater happiness and greater strength in the midst of difficulties.
References
Coronavirus Recovery: Breathing Exercises. (2021). https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/coronavirus-recovery-breathing-exercises
Support for Rehabilitation Self-Management after COVID-19- Related Illness. (n.d.). Retrieved August 30, 2021, from https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/ageing/support-for-rehabilitation-self-management-after-covid-19-related-illness-engf5cec00b-350b-4eb0-bc24-0704df509ae1.pdf?sfvrsn=203566f0_1&download=true
Power-of-Prayer
https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/31/health/longawaited-medical-study-questions-the-power-of-prayer.html
All About Centrifuges
Centrifuges
are becoming more necessary due to the pandemic. Many healthcare facilities,
including labs, are looking to purchase their first or their next centrifuge to
offset some of the testing burdens. Whatever the case, we want to help you get
a better understanding of centrifuges. So in this post, we will look at what a
centrifuge is, how it works, and the types. Let’s jump in!
What is a Centrifuge?
A
centrifuge is a laboratory device that is typically used within medical
practice and scientific settings to separate particles from a solution using a
rotor. It is used to separate fluids, gas, and liquid of organelles, cells, and
large molecules during a centrifugation
process.
How Does a Centrifuge Work?
Although
gravity does a fine job separating elements, it takes a long time, and that’s
why we need centrifuges, as it does the work in minutes rather than waiting up
to a day or more for the natural gravitational
force. Essentially, a centrifuge uses the sedimentation principle. The sedimentation
principle involves particles with a higher density than that of the solvent
sinking (sediments), while the lighter particles float to the top. The gravitational force causes this
separation to occur according to substance density.
Each
centrifuge has a rotator that spins and produces a centrifugal force. This force then gets applied to each particle in
the sample. This causes the particle to sediment based on the centrifugal force applied. How quickly the
sedimentation principle occurs is
also dependent on the consistency of the solution and the particles’ physical
properties. Additionally, the particles move faster when there is a significant
density difference, and when there is none or very little difference in
density, the particles remain still within the sample.
In
the end, the denser particles typically sink to the bottom, and the lighter
ones remain on top, just as in the case of making juice with the fruit pulp.
The pulp is heavier, so it sinks while the liquid stays on top. Also, in a
blood sample with red blood cells and plasma combines, the centrifugation process will leave the red blood cells at the bottom
and the plasma on top.
Types of Centrifuges
We’re
looking at centrifuge types based on the number of samples (tubes) they can
hold. Some centrifuges are designed for either 6, 12, or 24 tubes. The amount
of tubes you need is dependent on the size of your facility and the number of
samples processed daily. Small laboratory settings or medical facilities tend
to opt for a 6 -tube centrifuge.
Stick
around; in our next post, we’ll take a more in-depth look at these three
centrifuges, their differences, and their special uses.
References
How a Centrifuge Works - Drucker
Diagnostics. (2020, February 13). Drucker Diagnostics.
https://druckerdiagnostics.com/knowledge/how-a-centrifuge-works/
Centrifugation Theory. (2021).
Fishersci.se.
https://www.fishersci.se/se/en/scientific-products/centrifuge-guide/centrifugation-theory.html
Laboratory Centrifuges |
Biocompare. (2017). Biocompare.com.
https://www.biocompare.com/Lab-Equipment/Laboratory-Centrifuges/
Platelet-rich Plasma (PRP)
Maybe you’ve heard of platelet-rich plasma
(PRP); if not, we guarantee that you will hear of it soon enough, as its
popularity within the medical industry is increasing rapidly. It has even taken
over on social media. However, as with all novel ideas, there is a lot of hype
and questions surrounding this new treatment modality, and we want to provide
you with facts to answer some of those questions.
In this post, we will look at what PRP therapy
is and how it is made. Then we will do a follow-up post describing the use of
PRP treatment in dermatology.
What is Platelet-rich Plasma (PRP)
Therapy?
Platelets (thrombocytes) are a type of blood
cell whose primary function is to aid with clotting. But they are also quite
instrumental in the healing process. At an injury or treatment site, platelets
will produce compounds known as growth factors, which aid cell repair and
regeneration, an integral and initial part of the healing process.
Plasma is the liquid part of your blood made
mostly of water and protein. It is also the largest part of the blood (55%),
and when separated from the rest of the blood, as in the case of PRP therapy, plasma has a light yellow
color. Plasma’s primary role is to transport proteins, hormones, and nutrients
throughout the body.
In platelet-rich
plasma (PRP) therapy, the specialist injects a concentration of your
platelets at your site of injury or treatment. The aim is to speed up the
healing of injured tendons, ligaments, muscles, joints, and tissues by inducing
the growth of new tissues and cells. The plasma is used to transport the
platelets into the required areas, where they aid in the healing process.
How is Platelet-rich Plasma (PRP) Made?
To start the process, the specialist will use
a butterfly needle to withdraw blood from your arm. The needle has
butterfly-shaped wings and is used to access a vein for drawing blood or
administering medication. After withdrawal, the blood gets transferred into a
blue-top tube with a rubber stopper. This is a specialized tube for platelet-rich plasma blood collection,
as it contains 3.8% sodium citrate and GEL. Several studies
show that sodium citrate is one of the most suitable anticoagulants as it
ensures optimal platelet viability is maintained at a high level.
It is then placed in a machine called a
centrifuge. The Centrifuge 614B model that holds up to 6 tubes is used to
prepare the PRP through a process known as differential centrifugation. During
differential centrifugation, the centrifuge is adjusted in speed to separate
the different parts of the blood. The blood comes out separated then the
platelet-poor plasma is suspended into the plasma by gently shaking the tube.
Lastly, the affected area is numbed and the PRP mixture is injected.
We hope you’ve learned a bunch about PRP treatment from this post and are
looking forward to our next post, where we will tell you how platelet-rich plasma therapy can
benefit you.
References
Dhurat, R., & Sukesh, M. (2014).
Principles and methods of preparation of platelet-rich plasma: A review and
author′s perspective. Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery, 7(4), 189.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-2077.150734
Platelet Rich Plasma PRP tube 8ml High
concentration. (2018).
Henso Medical.
https://www.hensomed.com/products/platelet-rich-plasma-prp-tube-8ml-high-concentration/
Camille Noe Pagán. (2019, August 19).
Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections: What to Know. WebMD; WebMD.
https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/platelet-rich-plasma-injections#1
What Is Plasma? - Health Encyclopedia -
University of Rochester Medical Center. (2021). Rochester.edu.
https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=160&ContentID=37
What is PCR?
All of us have heard the term PCR being used in some way or another. But many persons do not understand or know what PCR means? So in today’s post, we will break PCR down into simpler terms for you.
What
is PCR?
PCR,
which is short for Polymerase Chain Reaction, is a method used by scientists to
create numerous copies of a particular section of DNA. The process is fast and
typically delivers accurate results. The polymerase chain reaction is used in
research to make a massive batch of DNA samples that researchers can use for
several experiments and investigations. Usually, they utilize it for studies of
forensic analysis, medical diagnosis, molecular biology, and evolutionary
biology.
Before
the PCR method was invented, scientists would use a very tedious process to
copy DNA. However, In 1983, an American biochemist named Kary B. Mullis
developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction method, which now generates DNA copies
in just a couple of hours. Now, the PCR test is used as a common tool to
identify the presence or absence of a gene. This helps identify pathogens
(disease-causing organisms) during an infection.
In
essence, the PCR test is used primarily for persons being tested for COVID-19.
This virus has ravaged the world in multiple forms, creating needs in many
countries, one of which is PCR testing. In fact, on May 20, 2021, UNICEF made a desperate plea for
assistance for Southern Asia, where they needed US$40 million for medical and
diagnostic equipment, including those for PCR testing. Further, in an article
published by the US
National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, it was reported that the
UK and USA have opened drive-through testing centers for PCR testing.
Additionally, as of March 7, 2021, 363,825,123 have been PCR tested in the
United States.
How
is a PCR Done?
Using
the PCR method involves inserting a swab into the nostril, and while it may
prove uncomfortable, it should be painless. In the UK, self-testing is allowed.
As such, the NHS provides a detailed
description of the PCR testing process on its website. It involves:
●
Cleaning your hands
●
Place items from the test kit onto a clean surface
●
Blow your nose and wash your hands again
●
Open your mouth wide and rub the swab over your tonsils
●
Put the same swab inside your nose
●
Put the swab facing down into the tube and screw the lid tight
●
Put the tube in the bag provided
If
you get this test done by a professional, they would use the same or pretty
similar steps. After sample collection is the extraction phase. At this point,
the sample arrives at the lab, and the technician will proceed to isolate DNA
material from the sample. They will then use chemical compounds and a thermal
cycler (PCR machine) to generate a reaction and make millions of copies of a
small section of the coronavirus’s DNA for further testing. If the virus is
present, one of the chemicals shows a fluorescent light.
We
hope you now have a clearer understanding of what a PCR test is, and we look
forward to having you read our next post. Till then, keep safe.
References
PCR Test for COVID-19: What it Is, How its Done, What
the Results Mean. (2020). Cleveland Clinic.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/21462-covid-19-and-pcr-testing
NHS Choices. (2021). How to do a PCR test. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/testing/how-to-do-a-test-at-home-or-at-a-test-site/how-to-do-a-pcr-test/
polymerase chain reaction | Definition & Steps | Britannica. (2021). In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/polymerase-chain-reaction
Burki, T. K. (2020). Testing for COVID-19. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 8(7), e63–e64. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30247-2
The COVID Tracking Project. (2021).Totals for the US. https://covidtracking.com/data/national
As deadly surge of COVID-19 sweeps across South Asia, UNICEF calls for US$164 million to help save lives. (2021). Unicef.org. https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/deadly-surge-covid-19-sweeps-across-south-asia-unicef-calls-us164-million-help-save
What is PCR (polymerase chain reaction)? (2015, September 11). @Yourgenome. https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-pcr-polymerase-chain-reaction
The Aftereffect of COVID-19 on its Survivors
Surviving the dreaded
COVID-19 virus is probably the one and only wish anyone who gets infected has,
and it would be the same sentiment toward their loved ones. While it is an
absolute joy to recover, as with any other illness, COVID-19 leaves its mark on
those who have faced it and survived. While some may get over this illness in a
short period, others battle with it for months. However, whether the duration
of infection was long or short, the coronavirus causes long-term damage. So in
this post, we will explore the reported long-term aftereffects of COVID-19.
Respiratory Effects
Since COVID-19 primarily
affects the respiratory system, it is only natural that it worsens or induces
other conditions that affect the respiratory tract. According to the CDC, severe lung-related diseases, such as COVID-19, can
cause health effects, including weakness and exhaustion. Further, one specific COVID-19 health effect is pneumonia.
Although it develops while you are infected with the virus, in some cases, it
persists after a negative COVID test
result. This pneumonia damages certain structures within the lungs
resulting in long-term breathing problems.
Weakness & Fatigue
Weakness and fatigue are
two of the more common aftereffects of
COVID-19. In fact, they are typically associated with recovery from viral
infections. Several reasons can account for why you feel weak or fatigued even
though you have received a negative
COVID-19 test result, such as the pneumonia associated with the condition
and the fact that your body is in “repair mode.” Also, persons who had severe
COVID-19 and required management with ventilators, and treatment in an
intensive care unit, usually experience post-recovery long-term fatigue.
Hair Loss
Scores of people have
reported hair loss as an aftereffect of COVID-19, and clinicians believe this
to be related to physical and emotional stress induced by knowing you are
infected with COVID-19. They assert that this particular hair loss is
reversible with efficient and consistent treatment. In an online survey, over 500 persons from a total of 1700 respondents say
they’ve experienced hair loss after recovering from COVID-19.
Heart Problems
Recently, patients who
had even a mild form of COVID-19 are showing evidence of long-lasting COVID-19 health effects on the heart
muscle after recovery. Clinicians believe that this development can eventually
lead to heart failure or other conditions.
Other Health Effects of COVID-19
COVID-19 essentially
affects the entire body. As such, it is even seen to cause and worsen
brain-related issues such as strokes, seizures, and Alzheimer’s disease.
Additionally, some persons may experience inflammation in different areas of
their body and even develop blood clots.
So much is still unknown
about the long-term aftereffects of
COVID-19; however, much research is underway. Consequently, we urge you and
your loved ones to get a physical examination done after your COID-19 recovery.
Doing so will help to identify and treat any effects early. We will continue to
keep you up-to-date with credible information to ensure your safety and improved
health. See you next time!
References
Your
COVID Recovery. (2021). Yourcovidrecovery.nhs.uk.
https://www.yourcovidrecovery.nhs.uk/managing-the-effects/effects-on-your-body/fatigue/
CDC.
(2020, February 11). Post-COVID Conditions. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects.html
COVID-19
(coronavirus): Long-term effects. (2021). Mayo Clinic;
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-long-term-effects/art-20490351
Sweet, J. (2020, August 22). COVID-19 Survivors Are Losing Their Hair — Here’s Why. Healthline; Healthline Media. https://www.healthline.com/health-news/covid-19-survivors-are-losing-their-hair-heres-why#Hair-loss-among-long-haulers
Nuestro Mercado/ Our Market
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