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La Historia de los Origenes del Microscopio
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Effects of Global Warming on Population
Global warming is the long-term heating of the Earth's surface observed since the pre-industrial period as a result of human activities, primarily the combustion of fossil fuels, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in the Earth's atmosphere. 6
Some health outcomes have already been influenced by global warming. 2 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) regularly updates the GPS for various greenhouse gases. Species are expected to become extinct over the next 50 years as a result of changing temperatures, precipitation, and seasonality. 1
Effects of Global Warming
Global warming have positive and negative impacts on the population
Positive impacts
Many people are also more vulnerable to cold weather, so a warming trend in colder latitudes could reduce winter mortality rates, especially in developing countries. Fewer deaths from cold, larger crops, and a longer growing season. 5
Negative impacts of Global Warming:
Population Extinction
Temperature variation may also be a significant proximate cause of extinction. 9 Both low and high temperatures have the potential to increase mortality rates and result in population extinction. 10
Older People are More Vulnerable to Heat Stress
Older people are more physically vulnerable to extreme heat, aging may increase heat stress, and thus mortality rate increases.
Higher temperatures also worsen outdoor air pollution, such as ozone. Population aging implies a decrease in the number of working-age people and an increase in the number of retirees. 3
The increased Wild Extinction Rate
Global warming is a significant threat to biodiversity. The risk of species extinction rises sharply as global temperatures rise, with invertebrates (particularly pollinators) and flowering plants among the most vulnerable. 4
As land and sea change rapidly, the animals that inhabit them are threatened with extinction if they do not adapt quickly enough, according to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.5
Alter the Aquatic Ecosystem's Functioning
Climate-related warming of water bodies has caused changes in species composition, organism abundance, and productivity because temperature is an essential abiotic factor in determining seasonal variations in physical, chemical, and biological aspects of aquatic ecosystem functioning. 7
Temperature regulates basic traits of organisms such as development rate and survival by controlling the rate of fundamental biochemical processes. 8
Acidification of the Oceans
The penetration of anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere is acidifying the world's oceans. 11
Oceans are becoming more acidic as a result of absorbing emissions. This acidification is accelerating. As the rate of acidification increases, it poses a serious threat to underwater life, particularly those with calcium carbonate shells or skeletons, such as mollusks, crabs, and corals. This has the potential to have a significant impact on fish. Global warming causes change and decreases the pH of seawater. 12
Rising Sea Levels
The polar regions are particularly vulnerable to climate change. The Arctic's average temperature is rising twice as fast as the rest of the world's, and the world's ice sheets are melting quickly. This has serious consequences for the region's people, wildlife, and plants, but it may have the most serious impact on rising sea levels. 13
Increase Incidence of Cancer
The depletion of the ozone layer increases the penetration of ultraviolet (UV) rays, which may increase the incidence of skin cancer. 15
Increased Disaster Risk
Many types of disasters are becoming more severe as a result of global warming. The rising number of droughts, intense storms, and floods caused by global warming poses risks to public health and safety. A warmer climate creates an atmosphere that can collect, retain, and release more water, altering weather patterns so that wet areas become wetter and dry areas become drier.
Water scarcity is a leading cause of death and serious disease elsewhere in the world, and it is contributing to crop failure. 14
Conclusion
Global warming has some positive and negative impacts on the population. Evidence and predictions of negative health effects will strengthen the case for preventive policies, as well as guide priorities for planned global warming adaptation strategies. Proper mitigation and adaptation strategies are necessary to minimize the effects of global warming. 2
References
1De Schryver, A.M., Brakkee, K.W., Goedkoop, M.J. and Huijbregts, M.A., 2009. Characterization factors for global warming in life cycle assessment based on damages to humans and ecosystems.
2McMichael, A.J., Woodruff, R.E. and Hales, S., 2006. Climate change and human health: present and future risks. The Lancet, 367(9513), pp.859-869.
3 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, a Report of Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Geneva: IPCC, February 2001), accessed online at www.ipcc.ch, on August 15, 2001.
4 Malcolm, J. R., Liu, C., Neilson, R. P., Hansen, L., & Hannah, L. E. E. (2006). Global warming and extinctions of endemic species from biodiversity hotspots. Conservation biology, 20(2), 538-548.
5 https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/
6 https://climate.nasa.gov/global-warming-vs-climate-change/
7 Woodward G, Perkins DM, Brown LE (2010) Climate change and freshwater ecosystems: impacts across multiple levels of the organization. Phil Trans R Soc B 365:2093–2106
8 O’Connor MI, Bruno JF, Gaines SD, Halpern BS, Lester SE, Kinlan BP, Weiss JM (2007) Temperature control of larval dispersal and the implications for marine ecology, evolution, and conservation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:1266–1271
9 Beever E. A., Ray C., Wilkening J. L., Brussard P. F.& Mote P. W.. 2011Contemporary climate change alters the pace and drivers of extinction. Glob. Change Biol. 17, 2054–2070.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02389.x
10 Bradshaw W. E.& Holzapfel C. M.. 2010Light, time, and the physiology of biotic response to rapid climate change in animals. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 72, 147–166.doi:10.1146/annual-Physiol-021909-135837
11 Dore, J. E., Lukas, R., Sadler, D. W., Church, M. J. & Karl, D. M. Physical and biogeochemical modulation of ocean acidification in the central North Pacific. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 12235–12240 (2009).
12 Six, K. D., Kloster, S., Ilyina, T., Archer, S. D., Zhang, K., & Maier-Reimer, E. (2013). Global warming is amplified by reduced sulfur fluxes as a result of ocean acidification. Nature Climate Change, 3(11), 975-978.
13 https://www.nrdc.org/experts/rob-moore/new-ipcc-report-sea-level-rise-challenges-are-growing
14 https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/
15 Boyes, E. and Stanisstreet, M., 1998. High school students' perceptions of how major global environmental effects might cause skin cancer. The Journal of Environmental Education, 29(2), pp.31-36.
THE VALUE OF MICRONUTRIENTS IN OUR DIET
What Are Micronutrients?
Micronutrients (1) are those nutrients that are required by our body in only very small amounts. Although required in only minute quantities, they are very essential for the normal functioning and optimum performance of the body. Any lower than the normal values will bring forth different diseases and health problems which can only be catered to by increasing the micronutrient uptake.
There are a number of micronutrients (2) in our body, some of which are strictly uptaken through diet while another class of it is also synthesized by the body itself. The micronutrients include vitamins and minerals which are as follows:
- Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, & K)
- Water soluble vitamins (B & C)
- Macrominerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, & sulfur)
- Trace Minerals (iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, & selenium)
Out of all the major micronutrients, Vitamin D is the only one that is synthesized by the body through the precursors of cholesterol. Vitamin K and Biotin (Vitamin B7) are synthesized with the help of the microflora
in the gut. All others have necessarily to be consumed through diet.
Uses Of Micronutrients In Our Body
The micronutrients have various roles and essential uses (3) in our bodies. Some of the major ones are listed below:
- Iron: The body needs iron to synthesize hemoglobin which is a pigment in the red blood cells. The oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is largely dependent on the normal levels of iron.
- Fat-soluble vitamins: These vitamins are important for the regulation of vision, bone density, immune system, and blood coagulation.
- Water soluble vitamins: They are responsible for the liberation of energy from the food we eat. Also, many normal biochemical reactions in the body are mediated by these vitamins.
- Calcium & Phosphorous: Both are extremely important for the regulation of bone density. Calcium is important for heart muscle contractions while phosphorus has a vital role in energy production through ATP molecules.
- Sodium & Potassium: Both are vital for the regulation of nerve impulses which bring about the right movement and action in our body. They are also required for the maintenance of normal blood pressure and normal fluid levels in the body. (4)
What Happens With The Lack Of Micronutrients?
With the lack of nutrients, a number of diseases come to the surface. If these nutrients are not well consumed through the diet, the person is susceptible to multiple health issues. When we think about nutrition, we usually think in terms of caloric intake and carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids for dietary balance. Micronutrients are something extremely neglected when a person focuses on diet. (5)
Low iron intake causes anemia. Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy in infants. Vitamin B deficiency gives rise to confusion, digestive problems, and megaloblastic anemia. Lack of Vitamin E is related to immunocompromised health problems. A lack of sodium and potassium in the diet can cause blood pressure and fluid regulation problems. Low Iodine intake causes problems with the thyroid. In short, every micronutrient is essential for dietary intake. (6)
Taking Micronutrients From Diet Vs. Supplements
The use of supplements has become a new trend in the attempt of caring for health. Micronutrients can definitely be replenished through supplements but their intake through diet is the most feasible option. (7) Adding supplements to the diet of a normal person can disturb the normal balance of micronutrients in our body which can give rise to further problems - definitely, a risk which should not be taken, except if the supplements are prescribed by the physician!
References:
- Shergill-Bonner, R. (2017). Micronutrients. Paediatrics and Child Health, 27(8), 357–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paed.2017.04.002
- Shenkin, A. (2006). The key role of micronutrients. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 25(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2005.11.006
- Gibson, R. S., & Hotz, C. (2001). Dietary diversification/modification strategies to enhance micronutrient content and bioavailability of diets in developing countries. British Journal of Nutrition, 85(S2), S159–S166. https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn2001309
- Tontisirin, K., Nantel, G., & Bhattacharjee, L. (2002). Food-based strategies to meet the challenges of micronutrient malnutrition in the developing world. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 61(2), 243–250. https://doi.org/10.1079/pns2002155
- Tulchinsky, T. H. (2010). Micronutrient Deficiency Conditions: Global Health Issues. Public Health Reviews, 32(1), 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03391600
- Calton, J. B. (2010). Prevalence of micronutrient deficiency in popular diet plans. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-7-24
- Bailey, R. L., Fulgoni, V. L., Keast, D. R., Lentino, C. V., & Dwyer, J. T. (2012). Do Dietary Supplements Improve Micronutrient Sufficiency in Children and Adolescents? The Journal of Pediatrics, 161(5), 837-842.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.05.009
- <a href='https://www.freepik.com/
vectors/nutrients'>Nutrients vector created by freepik - www.freepik.com</a>
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Does the System of Sending Samples to Clinical Laboratories Work?
Clinical laboratory testing has always played an integral role in the
diagnosis and monitoring of many diseases. Clinical laboratories offer a wide
range of laboratory tests that may be chemical, biological, bacteriological,
immunological, or hematological. As such, these laboratories require a suite of
highly trained professionals in several disciplines with keen analytical and
interpretation skills. The range of professionals allows for collaboration and
better interpretation of results and results that are not clear cut can benefit
from the input of several specialists.
Advantages of Lab Testing
Some tests require the use of
highly specialized equipment as well as personnel to get meaningful results.
Equipment must be standardized and maintained to give accurate and reliable
results when used for laboratory tests and as such, clinical laboratories are
staffed with maintenance personnel who can properly service this equipment.
Clinical laboratories must also
adhere to strict quality control protocol for lab testing, time-sensitive handling of specimens, their storage,
and disposal. Handling hazardous specimens or materials is necessary for some
testing scenarios and clinical laboratories are well equipped with facilities
for handling such. Isolation areas and laminar flow hoods within laboratories
are examples of areas that allow the containment of harmful organisms or
material.
Presently there are only a few
tests that can be done outside of the clinical laboratory testing facility to assist doctors in disease diagnosis
so sending samples to labs for testing is necessary. Accuracy and reliability
of results and reports help to ensure good patient outcomes. In several
diseased states such as Cancer and Kidney Disease, with special emphasis on
patients on chemotherapy and dialysis, patients must be monitored by sending
samples for laboratory testing at
regular intervals. Here, many parameters are monitored so timely adjustments or
interventions can be made to enhance patient outcomes.
To be meaningful, tests must be
standardized internally and externally and clinical laboratories usually have a
quality management system that governs their day-to-day operations and is
regulated by the Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute. Compliance with
these regulatory bodies ensures accurate and reliable results.
Disadvantages of Lab Testing
Very few disadvantages come to mind
when thinking about the system of sending samples to clinical laboratories.
Possible mishandling of samples by personnel may provide opportunities for
erroneous results. Also, in some cases where an immediate answer is needed,
there is a delay period that could result in a bad patient outcome. If testing
could be done on-site this could result in a faster turnaround time for
diagnosis and eliminate this problem.
Sending a sample to the laboratory | Royal Brompton & Harefield
hospitals. (2021). Rbht.nhs.uk. https://www.rbht.nhs.uk/our-services/clinical_support/laboratories/clinical-genetics-and-genomics-laboratory/sending-sample-laboratory
Online Visits to the Doctor
The
COVID-19 pandemic has created a paradigm shift in patient management and care.
The need for social distancing and the fear associated with the increased risk
of exposure to the virus has increased the popularity of telemedicine.
Advantages of Online Doctor Visits
The
biggest advantage of online
consultations is undoubtedly their convenience. Seeing the doctor in the
convenience of your own home, on your laptop or mobile device saves money and
time that would have been spent physically going there. It eliminates the
stress of traffic jams and can easily fit into your schedule. Not having to go
to a doctor’s office is particularly helpful for elderly patients who may find
movement difficult or for those who have children that need to be supervised,
where taking them would be stressful or impractical.
Online consultations also allow for on-demand healthcare options, with
some offices offering online video
consultations 24-7. The availability of a doctor that can treat you quickly
as the need arises is especially beneficial in cases where emergency medical
attention is needed.
Some
online consultations may involve a
group of doctors from many different specialties, and this is good because it
increases access to multiple opinions and allows for collaboration with
diagnosis and treatment. When compared with having to physically visit multiple
offices, the time, energy, and money that is saved cannot be overlooked. Online consultations even allow
patients access to doctors based overseas without having to spend the time and
money on travel expenses.
Importantly,
with the COVID-19 pandemic, by staying home and having an online video consultation you reduce your exposure risk because you
won’t have to sit in a waiting room, with other individuals, while waiting to
be attended to.
Disadvantages of Online Doctor Visits
However,
the system is not without its disadvantages. There are some illnesses where
physical examination is essential for an accurate diagnosis to be made and so
it could be dangerous for the patient if this is not done. In cases where
immediate action or assistance is needed to improve patient outcomes, such as
allergic reactions, video consultation
can be disadvantageous and result in time being lost.
Also,
even though its popularity has significantly increased, a disadvantage of telemedicine is its availability and
cost. You may have access to telemedicine,
while for the provider, the cost to set up and maintain the service may be too
high. As such, many smaller healthcare facilities will not have this service
available.
Major
concerns also exist regarding the security of personal health data that is
being transmitted electronically. Medical data is extremely sensitive
information and the possibility of hacking any online system exists. Therefore,
some patients may not feel comfortable using this forum.
References
1. Wu, B Dr. (2016, December 19). What Are the
Benefits and Advantages of Telemedicine? Healthline.
https://www.healthline.com/health/telemedicine-benefits-and-advantages
2. CHIRON. (n.d.). Definitive Guide to Telemedicine.
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3 Ways Riding a Bike Helps your Heart
Cycling
is such a fun pastime. Some people use it as a way of commuting and others just
for fun, especially kids. But, what if we told you that riding a bike can
provide you with significant health benefits? Some of these benefits include
strengthening your muscles, reducing stress levels, combating depression,
improving joint mobility, and promoting optimal cardiovascular health. So, in
today’s post, we will look at just how riding a bike daily can improve your
heart health.
What is Cycling & Why does it Affect the Heart?
According
to Oxford Languages, cycling is the sport or activity of riding a bicycle.
When
you ride a bicycle, essentially your entire body is involved. But cycling for
20 to 30 minutes per day can really boost your cardiovascular system health.
Let’s look a bit deeper!
1.
Cycling Strengthens your Heart Muscles
Yep, just like riding a bike would strengthen the muscles in
your calves and legs, it does improve the vitality of your heart and blood
vessel muscles. Researchers conducted a study at Purdue University, Indiana,
United States. This study led the researchers to conclude that regular cycling
can cut your risk of heart disease, such as heart failure (which is weakened
heart muscle) by 50%.
Cycling gets the heart to work a little bit harder and
that’s an exercise for the heart muscles. It’s just like when you crunches to
build abs muscles, the exercise builds the heart muscles, making them stronger.
2.
Cycling Lowers your Risk of Stroke
In addition to other heart-healthy habits, like lowering
your sodium and cholesterol intake, going for a high-intensity bike ride a few
times per week will definitely help the heart to combat factors that can cause
blood clot development. In one study, older women who were a bit inactive began
to engage in bicycle riding for around 35 minutes, three times per week. Their
ability to combat stroke-inducing blood clots increased because of adopting
this practice.
3.
Cycling Improves Circulation
Optimal blood circulation is necessary for our very survival
because, during circulation, blood takes oxygen and nutrients to our cells
while removing waste. Some factors can cause reduced or poor circulation but
riding a bicycle for a few minutes a day can improve that issue.
When you ride, it stimulates the heart to pump more blood
throughout the body, and because it strengthens the heart muscles, resulting in
improved circulation. Even after exercising, your heart is more likely to be
pumping more efficiently than before.
There
are several other ways that cycling can impact and enhance your heart health,
so once your doctor gives the OK, grab a bike and start riding!
References
Cycling
- health benefits - Better Health Channel. (2013). Vic.gov.au. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/cycling-health-benefits
Chandler,
M. (2021, June 17). Does Cycling Improve Blood Circulation? [ANALYSIS].
Discerning Cyclist.
https://discerningcyclist.com/does-cycling-improve-blood-circulation-analysis/
How
to Lower Stroke and Stroke-Provoking Blood Clots. (2019). Sharecare.
https://www.sharecare.com/health/stroke/article/slash-stroke-risk-with-aerobic-exercise
Oxford
Languages and Google - English | Oxford Languages. (2020). Oup.com.
https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/
3 Exercises to Help you Recover from COVID-19
If you’re diagnosed with COVID-19, it’s essential that you do all you can to ensure a speedy recovery. Along with the pharmacological treatment options, such as supplemental oxygen, there are some natural ways you can try to expedite your recovery. So, in this post, we will explore 3 types of COVID-19 recovery exercises that you can do daily to improve your breathing, mobility, and psychological state.
1. Breathing Exercises for Lung Recovery
The COVID-19 virus attacks the respiratory system primarily, including the lungs, and you can even develop pneumonia as it damages structures within the lungs. Thankfully, there are several deep breathing COVID-19 recovery exercises that you can do to improve your condition.
§ Deep breathing on your belly- while lying on your chest, seal your lips, then rest your tongue against the roof of your mouth. Take a deep breath in through your nose, then release it slowly through your nose. Do this exercise continuously for a minute.
§ Deep breathing while sitting- on the edge of a chair, sit upright and rest your hands on the sides of your abdomen. Seal your lips, then rest your tongue against the roof of your mouth. Take a deep breath in through your nose, then release it slowly through your nose, spread your fingers on each inspiration. Do this exercise continuously for a minute.
2. Mobility Exercises for Legs & Arms
Physical exercise is vital for recovery, especially for people who were admitted, particularly in the ICU ward. You will need to do physical activities to improve your muscle strength, fitness, and energy. Speak to your healthcare provider to find out which of the following exercises you are permitted to do based on your condition.
§ Warm-up exercises- shoulder shrugs, side bends, knee lifts, and ankle circles.
§ Fitness & strengthening exercises- the CDC recommends engaging in 20-30 minutes of COVID-19 recovery exercises 5 days each week. Here are a few you can do :
§ Marching on the spot
§ Step-ups
§ Walking
§ Jogging or cycling
§ Wall push-off
§ Arm raises to the side
3. Mental Health Strengthening Exercises
COVID-19 has no doubt had a significant impact on the mental health of everyone, especially if you were infected. It induces stress, anxiety, depression, and even loneliness. Mindful techniques, such as meditation and yoga daily for 10 to 15 minutes, make a massive difference. Smooth exercises and meditation relax the body and mind. The CDC also encourages us to stay socially connected, practice relaxing exercises, and indulge in hobbies.
COVID-19 and its variants can do great damage the longer it lingers within your body. So, we urge you to seriously consider adopting these supplemental COVID-19 recovery exercises to help boost your respiratory, musculoskeletal, and mental health recovery.
In mental health, the importance of socializing, having good friends and family, where you can receive unconditional love, has been studied. Love and friendship are therapies for physical recovery from many diseases, including cancer.
Being part of communities like churches, or clubs, makes a big difference in lengthening people's lives, under any circumstance.
Having faith and prayerful support are other aids that have also been investigated, and it has been shown that a person who possesses these elements brings greater happiness and greater strength in the midst of difficulties.
References
Coronavirus Recovery: Breathing Exercises. (2021). https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/coronavirus-recovery-breathing-exercises
Support for Rehabilitation Self-Management after COVID-19- Related Illness. (n.d.). Retrieved August 30, 2021, from https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/ageing/support-for-rehabilitation-self-management-after-covid-19-related-illness-engf5cec00b-350b-4eb0-bc24-0704df509ae1.pdf?sfvrsn=203566f0_1&download=true
Power-of-Prayer
https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/31/health/longawaited-medical-study-questions-the-power-of-prayer.html
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